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Обзор Ico Multivac

Posted on April 3, 2020

Является председателем комитета блокчейн стандартизации при IEEE. Имеет множество публикаций в тематике сетевых протоколов. Именно здесь, в области финансирования и проведения ICO, платформа Waves может занять ключевую позицию и стать одним из лидирующих игроков криптомира, позволяя новым проектам быстро и эффективно находить инвестиции. Во избежание недоразумений со стороны регулятора, чтобы оформить лицензию на криптовалюты, рекомендуется выполнить due diligence (провести проверку на благонадежность). В IQ Decision Вы можете заказать сопровождение ICO проектов, также наши эксперты готовы оказать помощь в получении лицензии на криптодеятельность. Наши специалисты помогут Вам зарегистрировать ICO-компанию, оформить лицензию на проведение ICO и провести проверку Due Diligence. Появление SEC у вашего порога, вероятно, будет еще более неприятным, особенно если вы не предприняли шагов по устранению известных нарушений законодательства о ценных бумагах».

Хотя первое соглашение компании заключили еще в прошлом году, завершить сделку удалось только недавно. Представители MoneyGram заявляют, что партнерство с Ripple будет способствовать преобразованиям как в сфере традиционных денежных переводов, так и в индустрии цифровых активов. Все станет понятно после тестнета в конце 2018 года, надеюсь оно будет сопряжено с ICO. Собственно результаты тестнета и данные об ICO помогут принять окончательно решение об инвестиции. На данном этапе проект выглядит довольно привлекательно. Вместе с Фраком Лу работала в com в качестве директора по маркетингу.

ATP – оценивает поведение пользователей, оценивать внимание и переводить внимание пользователей в эффективное доказательство работы . 🗣 Стараемся заработать побольше денег (а чего скрывать-то). Для этого, мы отбираем самые перспективные ICO проекты и инвестируем в них. Так же не забываем о крутом корейском проекте YGGDRASH.io. Вайтлиста нет, для участия в пресейле 12 марта, нужно зарегистрировать сейчас аккаунт на их сайте.

Что Такое Проект Tomochain Tomo В Блокчейне?

Signal Ventures — это инвестиционная фирма, специализирующаяся на технологиях связанных с блокчейном. Инвестируют на ранних стадиях создания блокченов и децентрализованных протоколов. Адвайзеры очень высокого уровня, имеющие множество наград и премий, а также имеющие отношение к ТОПовым компаниям и организациям!

  • Пользователи просто вводят старый Pincode, чтобы иметь возможность успешно выполнить транзакцию.
  • Проект смог обзавестись мощной командой партнеров, адвайзеров и первоначальных инвесторов, которые несомненно будут двигать Merculet вперед.
  • Безопасность, стабильность и конечная завершаемость гарантируются с помощью новых методов, таких как двойная валидация, разметка через интеллектуальные контракты и равномерные процессы рандомизации.
  • Токен, использующийся в Tomochain будет называться Tomocoin .
  • Есть и аналоги IPO — покупаешь цифровые монеты и получаешь часть будущей компании в собственность, но здесь не будет больших процентов.

Среди патронов проекта можно выделить Роджера Лима, который является по-настоящему выдающейся личностью. Роджер Лим задействовал весь свой опыт и энтузиазм для поддержки блокчейн-технологии. В своё время, он поддерживал другие высокоуровневые ICO, такие как Qlink, Bluzelle и THEKEY. То, что сейчас он с Tomocoin — это однозначно хороший знак.

Tomochain Tomo: Криптовалюта

В период с сентября 2017 года по март 2018 года проект TomoChain привлек 9,3 миллиона долларов за счет частных и публичных продаж токенов. Но настоящий бум криптовалюты TomoChain наступит не раньше 2020 года.

  • По данным портала foundico.com, создатели токена Sparkle завершили сборы в конце февраля 2019 года и привлекли более $20 млн.
  • Своевременное выполнение заданных этапов будет свидетельствовать об успешности всей платформы.
  • В настоящее время является вице-президентом Ассоциации инвестиций в инвестиционные фонды в Гонконге и Руководящим комитетом Blockchain Ассоциации корпоративных юристов.
  • В последнее время стал популярным уход от привычной модели IPO в пользу проведения ICO — initial coin offering — организационно куда более простого процесса.
  • Проект Merculet предлагает решение этой глобальной задачи.

Quadrant – это протокол на основе блоков, который позволяет получать доступ, создавать и р… TomoChain предлагает одно решение для масштабирования, которое является новым в своем подходе. Пускай Ваше решение зависит исключительно от анализа предоставленной информации + собственной аналитики. Инвестиционная привлекательность Oasis Labs, ИМХО, высокая.

Идея И Технологии

Он систематически изучал ортогональные пространственно-временные блок-коды, построение булевых функций с криптографическими свойствами, решетчатое представление для кодов. Он опубликовал более 50 журнальных статей SCI в международных журналах, таких как IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on Communications, IEICE Transactions, Science in China. Один из первых глобальных архитекторов блокчейн, соучредитель ProChain, основной участник поисковой системы Baidu Arab. 3 раза — второй приз Национального научно-технического прогресса, 1 раз — третья премия Национального научно-технического прогресса и 1 раз — первый класс науки и техники Китайского института связи. В настоящее время он является преподавателем родного Нанкинского университета.

Получила степень магистра в области государственного управления в педагогическом университете Пекина. Создала первый бренд новых медиа и сообществ в вертикальной сфере человеческих ресурсов в Китае, охватывающий более миллиона специалистов по персоналу. Очевидно, что блокчейн — технология будущего, способная заменить все существующие экономические модели. Однако тот вид, в котором он есть сегодня, практически не пригоден для макроэкономики в связи с проблемами децентрализации, безопасности, и самой главной — масштабируемости. В его отсутствие ее место было узурпировано прямым конкурентом. Пользователи просто вводят старый пин-код, чтобы иметь возможность успешно выполнить транзакцию.

Роджер Лим (советник с широким опытом в бизнесе, энтузиаст технологии блокчейн, ранее участвовал в нескольких известных ICO, включая Qlink, Bluzelle и THEKEY). Создатели Томокоин намерены разработать интернет будущего, сделав лежащую в основе своей идеи блочную цепочку TomoChain ведущей составляющей. Они предлагают обеспечить плавное слияние экосистемы социальных и потребительских приложений, с интегрированными ripple новости токенами, используемыми миллионами людей. Ламер бесится от пустых вайтпэйперов бесконечных китайских блокчейнов и делает неутешительные выводы о том, как мы отбираем проекты и контент на крипте. Прибегнув к узлам ТЕЕ, появится возможность параллельного выполнения интеллектуальных контрактов, архитектура Ekiden разделяет выполнение контракта от консенсуса, чего нельзя подметить в сети Эфириум.

Merculet Создаст Блокчейн

Elysian – это децентрализованная платформа электронной коммерции, которая создает веб-сайт… Проект Zichain занимается созданием индустрии управления криптовалютами для частных и инст… COTI – это сеть транзакций платежей, поддерживаемая собственной цифровой валютой. Тунг Хоанг— менеджер по продукции ripple новости и соучредитель Tomoapp. Тун занимается разработкой интерфейса и привносит 5 лет опыта разработки приложений в таблицу. Tomocoin является далеко не новой идеей, но у нее есть все шансы, чтобы стать номером один среди социальных сетей на Блокчейне. И как социальная сеть — Tomocoin имеет ряд преимуществ.

tomocoin ico

Это стало возможным благодаря партнерству с Министерством образования и обучения Вьетнама. Целью этого партнерства было получение миллионов дипломов на блокчейне TomoChain. Как мы уже объясняли ранее, функционирование криптовалюты основано на системе проверки транзакций. Для управления блокчейнами с использованием доказательства работы потребуется активность несовершеннолетних. Следовательно, для блокчейнов, использующих подтверждение обслуживания, потребуется система мастерноды.

На сегодняшний день невозможно купить монеты TOMO напрямую за евро. Сначала вы должны пройти через посреднические криптовалюты, такие как Ethereum или Bitcoin. Для этого вы перейдете на платформу Coinbase или Coinhouse.

Форум Blockchain Life 2020 В Москве

Что касается технологии, то пока об этом мало что можно говорить, так как команда не представила White Paper. Постепенно мировой интернет перестраивается и берет курс на децентрализацию. Проект nOS предлагает свой продукт, чтобы пользователи получали доступ к новому децентрализованному интернету.

tomocoin ico

Тунг Хоанг работает в должности продакт менеджера в Tomocoin, а также является соучредителем Tomoapp. Что касается его опыта, то он 5 лет проработал в сфере разработки приложений, а на данный момент занимается передовыми разработками. Escrow — это люди или сервисы, которые выступают доверенной стороной в сделке между продавцом и покупателем. Если стартаперы их не убедили, деньги будут временно заморожены. Таким образом escrow страхует участников от недобросовестного выполнения условий.

Проект выглядит очень привлекательно, однако уровень риска можно оценивать, как средний в связи с высокой конкуренцией. Также стоит ли инвестировать в проект будут зависеть, в какой период все-таки начнется ICO, что покажут тестнет и в какой точки дорожной карты (в смысле, что в тот момент будет реализовано) будет происходить ICO. Советник для Bluzelle, Qlink, CoinFi, Selfkey, TheKey, Tomocoin, 0Chain, Switcheo, Open Platform и noS. Успешный предприниматель, который основал Webvisions, азиатскую облачную хостинговую компанию. Доктор Тонг Ксяо (Dr. Tong Xiao)— исследователь алгоритмов, кандидат статистических наук в Гарвардском университете. Исследователь в области вероятности, машинного обучения и больших данных. Он занимается исследованиями и разработками количественных торговых стратегий в лучших хедж-фондах. После того, как резервуары системы NOS смонтированы, следует провести азотоподводящую магистраль к силовому агрегату авто.

В итоге токен торгуется ниже цены на ICO, инвесторы в убытке. Не стоит вкладываться в проект, собирающий сумму, значительно превышающую его инвестиционные потребности. Yunsoo Kim, 201 человек в линкедине — СЕО BLOCKCHAIN i(6 отслеживающих, в штате 2 сотрудников) — это криптофонд, который инвестирует в компании cryptocurrencies и blockchain. Кроме того, предоставляет консультационные услуги для проектов ICO. Получил степень бакалавра в Berkley и степень магистра в Гарварде.

По данным портала foundico.com, создатели токена Sparkle завершили сборы в конце февраля 2019 года и привлекли более $20 млн. В аппаратную POS-систему Cryptune для различных точек продаж, которая позволит владельцам магазинов и ресторанов принимать более 1000 различных криптовалют, поверили многие инвесторы, вложив в проект порядка $21 млн. Команда, создающая публичный блокчейн Betnomi, который фокусируется на проблемах индустрии онлайн-гемблинга, смогла привлечь в ходе ICO около $31 млн. MultiVAC — новый проект, прилагающий инновационные решения для увеличения масштабируемости, а вернее, планирующий сделать ее неограниченной. Главная цель проекта десятки тысяч tps в секунду без потери безопасности, децентрализации и конфиденциальности.

Роджер использовал свой предпринимательский опыт и энтузиазм по технологии blockchain для поддержки ряда других громких ICO, включая Qlink, Bluzelle и THEKEY. Его вспомогательная роль Томокоина является положительным знаком. Лонг Вуонг— основатель и главный исполнительный директор. Опыт Лонга в криптопространстве восходит к его роли члена-основателя NEM (известного по имени пользователя UtopianFuture на биткойн-Talk). Хотя его работа и последующий отъезд были не без противоречий, сообщество NEM приписываловажность его вкладав проект. Долгое время продолжал свою карьеру в различных стартапах приложений. Блочная инфраструктура проекта будет доступна с открытым исходным кодом, высокой производительностью и мгновенным подтверждением транзакций.

Цикл Статей «погружение В Технологию Блокчейн»

MultiVAC – новый проект, прилагающий инновационные решения для увеличения масштабируемости, а вернее, планирующий сделать ее неограниченной. Несмотря на огромный хайп вокруг технологии блокчейна и криптовалюты, они не используются в широком распространении, и большинство пользователей имеют слабое представление о технологии, а тем более, не используют ее. NOS позволит не только подключаться легко и быстро к блокчейн-платформам, но и популяризировать ее. Они нацелены на предоставление исключительных услуг с практически нулевой комиссией за транзакцию, идеальное решение для децентрализованных приложений, интеграции токенов как для малого, так и для крупного бизнеса, а также для выпуска токенов. За последнее десятилетие он занимал ряд высокоуровневых позиций в области технологий, включая старшего разработчика, разработчика веб-разработчиков и технического руководства.Minh Chu— Blockchain и Cloud Lead по проекту.

Нужна экспертность в технологиях, маркетинге и опыте запуска стартапов. MTV (тикер токена) будет стимулировать вычислительные и запоминающие узлы, чтобы те предоставляли ресурсы для вычислений, хранений и передачи данных. Узлы, играющие универсальную роль, как для вычисления, так и для хранения, будут получать более высокие вознаграждения. При попытке майнеров повлиять на сеть будет затрачиваться большое количество вычислительных мощностей, что должно делать добычу не выгодной. MultiVAC виртуальная машина имеет блок набора инструкций Blockchain .

Практически вся команда из Китая состоит из 22 членов. Многие из них параллельно работают и над другими проектами. Tomo App — это социальная сеть, в которой используются математические алгоритмы; мощное приложение для обмена полезной информацией. Tomo App станет первым продуктом, использующим инфраструктуру TomoChain. Бета-версия приложения доступна на tomoapp.com, в Google Play и AppleStore.

Советник для Bluzelle, Qlink, CoinFi, Selfkey, TheKey, Tomocoin, 0Chain, Switcheo, Open Platform и noS.Успешный предприниматель, который основал Webvisions, азиатскую облачную хостинговую компанию. Доктор Тонг Ксяо (Dr. Tong Xiao) – исследователь алгоритмов, кандидат статистических наук в Гарвардском университете. То есть, механизм будет проверять честность вычислений.

Шоу-Чэн Чжан — сотрудник Национальной академии наук США ,профессор Стэнфордского университета, ученый-физик, основатель фонда DanHua Capital. Shen Jun Zhang — работал 2.5 года в HP инженером-разработчиком, 3,5 года старшим инженером-разработчиком в китайском представительстве крупной купить TomoChain канадской компании по предоставлению консультационных услуг в области дизайна и технологий. Ivan Jiang –основатель проекта, степень MBA престижной Китайской школы, работал в HP инженером-разработчиком, более 2 лет главным инженером в крупной дочерней структуре SAP в Китае.

Автор: Александр Князев

Posted to

Tax Shield Definition

Posted on April 14, 2020

Depreciation Tax Shield

Therefore, since interest on debt is tax-deductible, it makes mortgage a cheaper finance option. If an individual or a business has medical expenses more than the standard deduction, can choose to itemize and then the excess or rest over amount is tax-deductible. An alternative approach called adjusted present value discounts interest tax shield separately. Even though the APV method is a bit complex, it is more flexible because it allows us to factor-in the risk inherent in admissibility of interest tax shield. Therefore, the company can achieve a tax shield of $20,000 by leveraging its depreciation expenses. As you can see, with this formula, you can calculate how much you can shield yourself from taxes by leveraging your depreciation expenses.

Pricing will vary based on various factors, including, but not limited to, the customer’s location, package chosen, added features and equipment, the purchaser’s credit score, etc. For the most accurate information, please ask your customer service representative. Clarify all https://www.bookstime.com/ fees and contract details before signing a contract or finalizing your purchase. Each individual’s unique needs should be considered when deciding on chosen products. In most cases, taking on a debt provides incentive to taxpayers, especially the middle-income earners.

Are There Other Tax Shields?

The taxes saved due to the Interest Expense deductions are the Interest Tax Shield. Below is a simple example of the impact of Interest on taxes paid. With the two methods clarified, let’s look at the Cash Flow impact of each approach.

Depreciation Tax Shield

However, we can identify the total present value of interest tax shield as the difference between net present value calculated at pre-tax WACC and net present value calculated at after-tax WACC . Depending on the circumstances, the amount of the deductible can go as high as 60% of the adjusted gross income of the taxpayer. Another example of a tax shield used as an incentive is a student loan and works the same as a home mortgage. A home mortgage can be used as a tax shield for those who are existing homeowners, as well as those who are interested in purchasing a property because of the tax benefit that it provides. The term Tax Shield is derived from the ability of the deductions to shield the taxpayer’s income from taxation.

Definition Of Tax Shield

Helping private company owners and entrepreneurs sell their businesses on the right terms, at the right time and for maximum value. Realized1031.com is a website operated by Realized Technologies, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Realized Holdings, Inc. (“Realized”). Equity securities offered on this website are offered exclusively through Thornhill Securities, Inc., a registered broker/dealer and member of FINRA/SIPC(“Thornhill”).

Accounting students can take help from Video lectures, handouts, helping materials, assignments solution, On-line Quizzes, GDB, Past Papers, books and Solved problems. Also learn latest Accounting & management software technology with tips and tricks. See different types of capital budgeting techniques, such as payback period and internal rate of return. Companies also consider it while deciding an optimal capital structure. Referring to a mix of debt and equity funds used for the operations by the company is capital structure.

How Does The New Tax Law Affect Tax Shields?

The tax shield reduces the company’s tax bill, which in turn lowers its costs and increases its profits. The tax shield is an important benefit for companies because it allows them to keep more of their profits, which can be used to finance new investments or pay dividends to shareholders. Depreciation refers to the reduction in the value of tangible assets over some time due to wear and tear. However, depreciation can be used as a tax shield approach by decreasing the depreciation expense from taxable obligation.

Depreciation Tax Shield

Depreciation is added back because it is a non-cash expense and we need to work with after-tax cash flows . The second expression in the second equation (CI – CO – D) × t calculates depreciation tax shield separately and subtracts it from pre-tax net cash flows (CI – CO).

Breaking Down Tax Shield

Taxpayers won’t be able to take advantage of these tax shields until they reach a level of deductions over the standard amount. Read more about the Trump Tax Plan and how it affects deductions. They can use this to the advantage of the company since interest is a tax-deductible expense. There it becomes another important and common tax shield approach for the firms. For example, if an individual has $2000 as mortgage interest with a tax rate of 10%, then the tax shield approach will be worth $ 200. Companies try to maximise their expense for depreciation to incorporate the tax filings.

A depreciation tax shield is the amount of tax saved due to depreciation expense which is calculated as depreciation debited as expenses multiplied by the applicable tax rate to the entity. The depreciation is allowable to the business entity for the assets used for business and on personal assets no depreciation is allowed as expenses.

Study the definition and process of capital budgeting, how it is used, and how the cash flows. Another big change is that the standard deduction on personal tax returns has been doubled, decreasing the value of some tax shields, like mortgage interest and charitable giving.

Finance Your Business

Tax payments can be better managed with the Depreciation Tax Shield. A tax shield is a reduction in taxable income by taking allowable deductions.

  • The tax shield is the method of reducing the taxable liability by applying the deductions allowed by the government.
  • Calculate the depreciation tax shield and the net operating profit.
  • Analyze how cash flows directly inform business project decisions by considering types of cash flows, costs, and stand-alone principles.
  • By accumulating expenses that are valid tax deductions, business owners can reduce their taxable income.
  • You also claim depreciation in your bookkeeping, but it may give you a different result than your depreciation tax shield.
  • Allocating all of the depreciation expense to the final year of the asset’s life.
  • The Life of Solar Power Plant is considered as 25 Years, but in this example, we have considered the time period for 4 years only.

What’s interesting here is that the $20,000 yearly expense that is allocated to the asset is a non-cash expense (the company did not have to disburse $20,000 for that asset every year). Joshua Wiesenfeld is a financial investigator, certified public accountant , and certified fraud examiner with almost a decade of experience. He writes about taxes and investing and has been published in the Journal of Accountancy and Fraud Magazine.

TAX BenefitsTax benefits refer to the credit that a business receives on its tax liability for complying with a norm proposed by the government. This guide and overview of investment methods outlines they main ways investors try to make money and manage risk in capital markets. ‘Straight line’ or ‘prime cost’ depreciation, which allocates equal depreciation expenses over each year of the asset’s life. Operating leverage is a percentage of the fixed costs a business incurs and is used to determine the number of goods that must be sold to break even, and also profit levels from individual sales. Learn about the definition of operating leverage, and practice using the formula for calculating it with real-world examples. For example, a business is deciding whether to lease a building or to buy the building. Taking on a mortgage for the purchase of a building would create a tax shield because mortgage interest is deductible to a business.

For this reason, the depreciation tax shield is quite advantageous as you are using a non-cash expense to reduce your overall taxes payable. Let’s look at the example of an owner of a fleet of trucks whose equipment depreciated over the tax year. Depreciation is a deductible expense, and a portion of the depreciated amount can therefore lessen the owner’s overall tax burden.

Depreciation Tax Shield Formula

The type of tax shield depends on the individual, business, and country they are living in. People that use their home mortgage as a tax shield seek to benefit, as these are mostly people who are middle-class citizens whose homes are a major component of their overall net worth.

The cost of debt is the return that a company provides to its debtholders and creditors. Cost of debt is used in WACC calculations for valuation analysis.

The value of the tax write-off on depreciation of plant and equipment. Our systems have detected unusual traffic activity from your network. Please complete this reCAPTCHA to demonstrate that it’s you making the requests and not a robot. If you are having trouble seeing or completing this challenge, this page may help.

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INTRODUCTION TO THE PAPER SCULPTURE PROJECT

Posted on April 21, 2020

Introduction to The Paper Sculpture Project and instructions on the proper use and reading of the introduction

This introduction was written by Mary Ceruti, Matt Freedman, and Sina Najafi, the curators of The Paper Sculpture Show in 2003. It was originally published in The Paper Sculpture Book, that accompanied the exhibition. The publication itself functioned as a compilation of detachable pages, each with a design for a paper sculpture to be made (or not) by the reader.

A BRIEF HISTORY

When the initial version of this project was presented in Cabinet magazine in 2001, it was noted that few readers were actually willing to sacrifice their magazines to build the sculptures. (A notable exception was an artist who, while stuck for several hours in a stalled subway car under New York’s East River built all the projects. This artist has been invited to participate in the current show.) The present format is specifically designed to be taken apart and asks the readers, as urgently as is politely possible, to actually build these projects. Exhibition visitors are further requested to leave behind their completed projects for subsequent visitors to admire or criticize. By making the success of our project explicitly dependent on the collaboration of our viewers, we have raised a series of questions. None of these questions has any clear answers, nor does it seem to us that clear answers are desirable. Therefore, we propose to construct the remaining portion of this curators’ essay as a kind of unresolved paper model of a paper.

We will present a series of propositions, queries, and points of debate. In the interactive, slightly unpredictable spirit of the exhibition itself, we happily leave the final organization of this introduction to the reader. Just as the ultimate conformations of the sculptures are up to the assemblers, the ultimate conclusions are to be reached by the reader. The seams of this essay (and those of most of your sculptures) will probably remain visible. Not all the tabs will be tucked in neatly, nor will all the glue drips be carefully wiped away. It is in the nature af this project that multiple resolutions of a fairly specific schematic plan are possible. What to make of this confusing freedom? This is the heart of our inquiry. We will now present a series of emphatic and absolute statements regarding the questions raised by this exhibition. If you disagree with a particular proposition, rest assured that you will find its counter-argument presented with equal fervor shortly thereafter. It is your prerogative to select and assemble the arguments you favor into the catalogue essay of your own design.

THE TWO PROPOSITIONS

PROPOSITION I. No One Reads Introductions By Curators

It is true that hardly anyone, including ourselves, ever reads curators’ introductions. You, dear reader, are one of the exceptions and you are now free to stop. To help you decide whether you wish to abandon us at this point, we would only point out that this problem of reading or not reading that which has been written anticipates the larger challenge set by the project—to build or not to build the sculptures—and poses its own paradoxical question.

SLOT A: Does an Essay Lying Unread in a Catalogue Make Any Noise

Insert either TAB 1 or TAB 2 into SLOT A

TAB 1) Yes. Read the next paragraph and then stop.
It is completely unnecessary for you or anyone else to read this essay for it to do its job. It is a surprising and dismal truth, but catalogue essays are not written to be read. They lounge impressively at the front of the exhibition catalogue, radiating credibility and creating critical elbow room for the artists whose images are shortly to follow. The essay writer, often the hired gun of the gallery, is there simply to lend legitimacy to the entire enterprise, like the wine and cheese and the clean white walls. “Images without text are embarrassing,” writes Boris Groys, “like a naked person in a public space.” (1)

TAB 2) No. Read this essay.
The unread essay is silent and even slightly absurd. If it is not read, then its ideas are not shared between the writer and the reader and is by definition a failed and useless thing. This book is not simply a catalogue for a show; it is, redundantly, also a book. And it is also, to be twice redundant, the show itself. The show cannot clothe itself in what Groys calls a “textual bikini,” for the essay itself is far too modest to provide much cover; it is transparent and skimpy and potentially reversible. You cannot fully experience the contingent nature of the show without embracing the compelling ambivalence of the essay. Everything contained herein is part of the show and fails or succeeds along with it. In any case, this essay has no interest in establishing a market value, for there is no market value to establish. We have nothing left to sell you once you have acquired the book. Indeed, you really don’t have to buy anything at all. The artworks are free for the taking in the gallery, providing you build them first and leave them behind for the duration of the exhibition.

If you wish to continue reading the curators essay, do so only for curiosity’s sake. No polemic will be unloaded on you and only a couple of famous intellectuals will stick their noses in to lend the project greater heft. We are on your side, the side of the viewer, the side Baudelaire took over 150 years ago when he launched the field of art criticism. This alliance with the public was abandoned in recent decades when the professional art critic, in search of friends and patronage, jumped the fence and became the lapdog of the art world. We will not drape the artworks coyly in words. We are old-fashioned exhibitionists who strive only to provide you with as clear an idea as possible of the impulses that drove us to organize this exhibition, and of the thoughts that occur to us now that we contemplate the project as a whole.

PROPOSITION II. You Must Build These Projects

In a sense, most art exhibitions are dead by the time the first viewer steps into the gallery. Whatever was done to make the works on display good or bad, interesting or not, was accomplished by the artists, possibly aided and abetted by the curator, before the art moved into public view. Opinions may vary as to the success or failure of an exhibition, but essentially all opinions are autopsy reports. Here, on the other hand, the viewer is not merely an onlooker but to a significant degree also the maker of the show. Viewers construct the works according to the directions of the absent artists. Even more importantly, the show develops as the built projects accumulate in the exhibition venue. How well or how poorly viewers construct their projects and engage in the de facto collaboration with other visitors will determine the amount of pleasure and instruction subsequent visitors derive from the show. Far from being dead, the exhibition is constantly being born and reborn. This proposition, however, is more controversial than it might at first appear. It can be argued that the sculptures should not be built at all. You can assemble this argument or its counter-argument as you see it, using the following information.

SLOT B: The Unmade Paper Sculptures

Insert either TAB 3, TAB 3.1, or TAB 4 into SLOT B.

TAB 3) … An Utter Failure.
The worst-case scenario is that no one builds anything and the exhibition space remains bare. Such emptiness would announce the visitors’ indifference, if not their outright hostility. No conventional show leaves a trail of its own failure. A painting cannot tell you if the last person in the gallery looked at it for five enraptured minutes or sneered and turned away in an instant. In any case it is a cliché of museum culture that works of art attract the attention of each viewer for an average of less than ten seconds. Given this, The Paper Sculpture Show makes what could be considered unreasonable demands on its visitors. The simplest sculpture in this show might take five minutes to complete. You may say without fear of contradiction that you enjoyed the latest Impressionist blockbuster at the Met even if you only caught the most fleeting glimpse of a single water lily between fifteen jostling shoulders. You cannot, however, say you fully experienced The Paper Sculpture Show unless you built a paper sculpture.

TAB 3.1) … A Different Kind of Failure
The unbuilt sculpture, besides falling to contribute to the evolving installation, denies the visitor the exhibition’s most exquisite experience of all: the opportunity to experience the creative activity of the original artist. Not to build a sculpture is to deny yourself the evanescent and powerful palpitations of creativity; the jittery, risky, high-wire joy of making something new and shiny out of something old and familiar.

Not building the sculpture also denies you the opportunity to face one of art’s most metaphysical conundrums: can we identify an exact moment when the artist’s raw material magically transubstantiates into a plausible and compelling work of art? A long Jewish joke about irrational fear involving kreplach, the dumpling delicacy, is relevant here, though somewhat tedious. (2) The joke teaches us that the moment at which something in the process of creation becomes the thing its creator intends is deeply mysterious. Even if we think that this moment does not exist, our claim to distinguish art from non-art paradoxically relies on such a moment having existed. This is true of art as well as kreplach. Here in the Paper Sculpture project, however, the problem is admittedly more complicated. Did it become art when the original artist completed his or her design, and does it remain art despite all of your well-intentioned but unprofessional tinkerings? Or does it only become art the moment you finish building your version of the work, which after all was the originating artist’s intent?

The fact that you follow the guidelines set by another is irrelevant; you are the ultimate creator of your artwork. Borges’s Pierre Menard heroically attempted to rewrite Don Quixote word for word, hilariously finding that the same words that flew into Cervantes’s seventeenth-century Spanish mercenary’s mind were much more difficult to generate from the perspective of an early twentieth-century French intellectual. It can hardly be as challenging for twenty-first-century art lovers to re-imagine the creative experience of twenty-first-century artists. We acknowledge that if this book lasts for 300 years, future builders may find it more difficult to put themselves in the minds of the artists. But we are not sure of this. Only time will tell.

TAB 4) … A Success
Is not necessary to touch even a single piece of paper to appreciate work of the artists. The book is beautiful. The gallery installation is beautiful. Look at all the unbuilt works lying there in your lap or laid out in front of you on the table. So elegant! So intriguing! In some ways, the participating artists’ ideal viewer is one who chooses not to build any sculptures at all, but simply to look at the untouched designs and dream of what they would be if completed. As dream-designs, they are perfect, and hold limitless possibilities of beauty and profundity. It is only as they begin to take actual form that they, like all works of art passing from the artist’s head through his or her hands, begin to be compromised by the harsh limitations that talent and circumstance place upon every human endeavor. Visitors who wish to avoid the poignant sadness and icy intimation of mortality that accompany the completion of any work of art are advised not to embark on any of these projects. Perhaps you can learn this hard lesson only by trying and failing, but our only interest is to save you from yourself.

And in any event the physical appearance of these projects, weather they attract you or not, is really beside the point. What is more important, as we have argued, is that you have the opportunity to understand the intentions of the artists as clearly as possible, and you need not construct the artworks to reach this understanding. This understanding will always be incomplete, though just how incomplete is up to you and the project you are contemplating. Some of the artists will help you with precise and thorough instructions. Others will intentionally frustrate you with projects whose subject is the very impossibility of retracing another’s footsteps, of recreating any experience or moment in time.

SLOT C: The Completed Paper Sculpture Is …

Insert either TAB 5 or TAB 6 into SLOT C.

TAB 5) … A Success
If you build it, it is good. There are no bad paper sculptures. The mere act of sitting down, cutting out a project, and assembling it is all we ask of you. Do not worry about making the perfect sculpture; you cannot fail to make a positive contribution to the exhibition. Simply by building the work, you make it yours, whatever yours means. In so doing, you memorialize an encounter as sincere and demanding as you are likely to have with a work of art any time soon. And remember, every interaction between a work of art and a viewer is incomparable; no one viewer has a privileged response that is uniquely valid or “correct.” Probing the notion of “good” versus “bad” acts of construction reminds us of an underlying question which may trouble some readers. Are these artworks kits with instructions to be slavishly followed in order to recreate a mere approximation of the absent original work of art? No. Each project is a potential original, and each new “creator” brings a specific personal history to the problem of making a new work of art. By this standard, the more “original”—that is, the less “conventional”—your construction techniques are, the “deeper” and more profoundly analytical your “reading” of the instructions becomes, and the more successful and “true” your resulting artwork will be. The more you suppress your distinctiveness by submitting yourself to the fascistic superego of the directions, the more conventional and less interesting your sculpture will be. The artist who produces work according to a codex can only be mediocre. Imagine the instructions for the paper sculpture projects to be the equivalent of the nineteenth-century French academy. Your hapless inability to follow the rules prefigures the birth of modernism.

TAB 6) … A Failure.
There is no perfect work of art; therefore all works of art are to some degree failures. The closer you come to the completion of your project, the more palpable your failure will be. It follows from the contention of TAB 4 that not building any projects shields the viewer from the sadness that accompanies the completion of any work of art. Therefore, the built sculpture emphatically embraces that sadness. If you have completed a project, then you have inevitably fallen short of your goal, whatever that goal was. Even if you cannot quite articulate what your goal was, you are reminded of your limitations by the inadequacies of what you have just built. Some of you may be quite charmed by your projects, but look closer. Did you cut everything just so? Is everything tucked in properly? Aren’t some of the sculptures that others have built much nicer? We are not relativists. We do not believe in art as therapy. We have standards. Is your work up to snuff? Probably not.

And what if you think you did the best job here? So what? Who have you helped? Isn’t artmaking ultimately a selfish and antisocial act? Maybe if you had spent less time selfishly perfecting your project and more time selflessly contributing toward the Common Good, the world would be a better place. Even the most egotistical artists (well, perhaps not the most egotistical artists) have pangs of doubt as to the ultimate morality of their calling. Like sensitive football players, self-aware artists periodically torment themselves with questions of legitimacy: “Who am I helping? I struggle to construct a work of beauty that cries out against the gathering clouds of war and injustice and it ends up on a rich man’s coffee table. What am I but a small-scale manufacturer of luxury items?”

A BRIEF CONCLUSION

Now that you have mastered the two propositions, chosen the appropriate tabs, and fit them snugly into their slots, you have in effect written, or at least edited, the catalogue essay for this exhibition. By the time you have reached these final few words of the essay—your essay—everything should be in place. You should feel the confidence from the above diatribe radiating in your bones. You should have convinced yourself of the logic and sincerity of your position and the uniqueness and quality of the exhibition you are promoting. The “Stockholm Syndrome,” in which the captive begins to sympathize and identify with the causes of his or her captors, holds true for hostage situations and for catalogue essay writing, two situations perhaps not as dissimilar as we would like to imagine. If you cannot fully endorse the exhibition at this point, then there is something fundamentally wrong with your essay and you must go back and rework it, possibly from the ground up. If you have, on the other hand, become fully enamored with the remarkable attractiveness and importance of The Paper Sculpture Show, then you have accurately and thoroughly completed your essay. You may reward yourself by reading the kreplach joke now. (3)

Footnotes:

(1) Boris Groys, “Critical Reflections,” Artforum, October 1997, p. 80.
(2) Wait. Do not read the kreplach joke yet. Save it until you have finished reading the essay. Then read it and let its aftertaste linger in the mouth of your brain.
(3) A mother tells her rabbi that her son has a deep dread of kreplach. The rabbi advises her to show the boy exactly how she makes the kreplach so that he can see for himself all the ingredients and labor that go into them and realize that there is nothing to fear. The mother decides to follow his advice. She leads the boy into the kitchen and shows him how she rolls the dough and cuts it into little pieces.
“This is the same dough that I use in your favorite pancakes. Ummmmmmmmm! It’s nothing to be afraid of, is it?”
“No, Mamma.”
Next she shows him how she chops the meat for the filling. “Yummy meat. It’s nothing to be afraid of, is it?”
“No, Mamma.”
Then she spoons the tasty meat onto the squares of his favorite dough. “It’s nothing to be afraid of, is it?”
“No, Mamma.”
Then she starts to cover the filling with the dough.
“See, I fold over one corner of the dough like this. And I fold over the second corner like this. Oh, so easy! Then I fold the third corner. Nothing to it! Now I take the last corner …”
And the boy screams, “Ahhhhh kreplach! Kreplach Kreplach!”

The kreplach joke appears in Paul Hoffman and Matt Freedman, Dictionary Schmictionary! (New York: Quill Press, 1983).

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YUKO MOHRI FEATURED IN GLASGOW INTERNATIONAL

Posted on April 27, 2020

Artist, Yuko Mohri, who is included in ICI’s traveling exhibition Seeing Sound, curated by Barbara London, is featured in Glasgow International Digital Programme, with a new work entitled Everything Flows – distance, 2020.

For more information about Seeing Sound, click here.

Yuko Mohri is best known for her sculpture and installations comprising found objects and kinetics, often incorporating aspects of chance. Here, in making a new video for Glasgow International’s digital programme, she splices together scenes in Yasujirō Ozu’s acclaimed film Tokyo Story (1953) where no humans are present. Ozu’s film tells the story of an elderly couple visiting their children, who are now adults and whom pay their elderly parents scant attention. Much of it is set within small domestic interiors, with fixed camera shots and with much of the ‘action’ taking place off camera, such that its tempo, setting and themes all strongly resonate with our current circumstances, as does Mohri’s eerie subversion.

This is presented alongside her earlier film Everything Flows – interval (2018), which similarly extracts a sequence of various objects swaying from Dziga Vertov’s documentary film Man with a Movie Camera (1929).

Courtesy of the artist, mother’s tankstation and project fulfill.

Video editing: Kazuya Kato.

This is a new commission for Gi2020’s digital programme. For more information about Glasgow International click here.

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